Advance in Tumor Immunotherapy: Establishing a New Paradigm for Oncological Treatment

Abstract

Malignant tumors demonstrate distinct biological properties, typified by a pronounced proliferation rate, invasiveness, and a predilection for metastasis, which contribute to unfavorable prognosis of cancer patients. Tumor immunotherapy emerges as a therapeutic blueprint designed to marshal the immune system against tumor cells through exogenous stimuli. This strategy spans across a myriad of methods such as cytokine therapy, oncolytic viruses, tumor-specific vaccines, nanoparticle-based immunotherapy, CAR-T cell therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In particular, ICIs have found successful clinical applications in the management of diverse solid tumors, displaying encouraging therapeutic results. This comprehensive review aims to encapsulate several prevalent tumor immunotherapy paradigms and endeavors to envisage their prospective developments.